prolapse - (n.) a falling down of an organ of the body from its normal position; (v.) to fall or slip down or out of place: Following the birth of her fifth child, her uterus, which had prolapsed, had to be removed. [lapsio, lapsionis, f. - a sliding, gliding; lapsus, lapsus, m. - a falling, slipping, sliding; pro (prep. w/ abl.) - in front of; for; prolabor, prolabi, prolapsus - to slide forward; to fall forward; prolapsio, prolapsionis, f. - a slipping, sliding, falling]

belabor - 1) to beat, hit; 2) to develop in too great detail: That is a valid point, but don't belabor it. 

collaborate - work together on some literary, artistic, or scientific project: The collaboration of the erstwhile enemies resulted in a work better than either could have produced on his own. Also: collaboration, collaborative (of or having to do with collaboration), collaborator. 

elaborate - (v.) to work out with care; add details to: Her director asked her to elaborate the final point of her dissertation. (adj.) worked out in great detail or with much ornamentation. Also: elaborateness, elaborative, elaboration. [elaboro, elaborare, elaboravi, elaboratus - to work hard; to work on] 

lachrymose - 1) tending to cause tears; 2) inclined to weep easily: She cries openly, while he, as lachrymose as she, tries to hide his tears. Also: lachrymal (of or pertaining to tears), lachrymator (substance that causes the shedding of tears), lachrymatory, lacrimation or lachrymation or lachrimation (the secretion of tears, especially in abundance), lachrymosity. [lacrima, lacrimae, f. - tear; lacrimabilis, lacrimabile - lamentable; lacrimo, lacrimare, lacrimavi, lacrimatus - to weep]

laconic - using few words; expressing much in a few words; concise: According to an old tale, a young German doctor who had been admonished by his superior for including too many details in his surgery reports, next operated on the mayor of the town for appendicitis. His laconic report contained one word: "Bürgermeisterblinddarmentzündungsoperation (mayoral appendectomy)." 

lacustrine - of or pertaining to lakes; growing or found in lakes: The geologists examined the lacustrine sediment for the presence of pollen.

lament - (v.) to express grief (for): She lamented the loss of innocence, not understanding that it is part and parcel of growing up. (n.) an expression of grief. Also: lamentable, lamentableness, lamentation (an expression of grief), lamenter. [lamenta, lamentorum, n. - weeping; lamentabilis, lamentabile - mournful; lamentatio, lamentationis, f. - a weeping, mourning, lamentation] 

languish - 1) to lose energy or vitality; to become weak: Many recent retirees languish until they can find a meaningful way of spending their time. 2) to suffer from neglect or inactivity. Also: languisher, languishment. [languidus, languida, languidum - sluggish, weak, faint; languor, languoris, m. - faintness, weariness, sluggishness]

languid - without energy, interest, or enthusiasm; indifferent: At the end of three days of testing, even the best students had become languid. Also: languidness, languish ( to become weak or lose energy), languor (lack of energy or vitality), languorous, languorousness. [langueo, languere - to be faint, be weak; languor, languoris, m. - weariness, sluggishness, lassitude] 

lapidary - (n.) a person who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones: A geologist by vocation and a lapidary by avocation, he planned to spend his retirement making beautiful presents for friends and relatives. (adj.) 1) having to do with the cutting or engraving of precious stones; 2) engraved on stone. Also: lapidarian (adj.: lapidary), lapidation (act of throwing stones at someone or of stoning someone to death), lapidate (to throw stones at; to stone to death), lapidify (to turn into stone), lapidification. [lapidarius, lapidaria, lapidarium - pertaining to stone; lapidatio, lapidationis, f. - a throwing of stones] 

dilapidated - falling to pieces: Their life's focus destroyed, descendants of the proud race of hunters drink and watch TV in tiny, dilapidated houses in rural Minnesota. Also: dilapidate (to cause or allow to become dilapidated), dilapidation. [dilapido, dilapidare, dilapidavi, dilapidatus - to demolish]

lassitude - weariness, lack of energy: A great deal of student lassitude in the classroom is indirectly attributable to their desire to buy and maintain a car. [lasso, lassare, lassavi, lassatus - to make weary; to tire; lassulus, lassula, lassulum - somewhat tired; lassus, lassa, lassum - weary, tired] 

latent - present or potential, but not apparent or realized: Aren’t all mothers convinced that their children possess latent talents that will manifest themselves in due time? Also: latency. [latebra, latebrae, f. - a hiding place; retreat]

latitude - 1) freedom from narrow restrictions (freedom of action or conduct): Once his boss had granted him the necessary latitude, John unleashed his creativity and his productivity increased fourfold. 2) distance in degrees north or south of the equator. Also: latitudinal. [latitudo, latitudinis, f. - width] 

latitudinarian - not insisting on strict adherence to particular creeds and forms of worship; tolerant: Christianity seems to be more latitudinarian today than it has ever been. Also: latitudinarianism. 

quadrilateral - a plane figure having four sides: Rectangles, rhombuses, and trapezoids are all quadrilaterals; unlike the first two, the trapezoid has only two parallel sides. [quattuor - four; latus, lateris, n. - side] 

unilateral - involving or obligating one side (party) only: One country cannot assume unilateral responsibilities ad infinitum; world order demands reciprocity. Also: unilateralism (a unilateral policy, especially with respect to disarmament), unilaterality, bilateral (involving or obligating two sides), bilateralism, bilateralness, multilateral (participated in by more than two parties), multilateralism, multilateralist. [unus, una, unum - one; bis - twice; multus, multa, multum - much; (pl.) many] 

laud - to praise (highly): The scientists were lauded for their scrupulously accurate work. Also: laudation (praise, commendation), laudator, lauder. [laudatio, laudationis, f. - praise] 

laudable - praiseworthy: His efforts were laudable but unsuccessful. Also: laudability, laudableness. [laudabilis, laudabile - praiseworthy] 

laudatory - expressing praise: The principal's graduation remarks were both laudatory and congratulatory. Also: laudative (laudatory). [laudator, laudatoris, m. - praiser; panegyrist] 

lavation - the act or process of washing: Ritualistic lavation is found in many religions; in Christianity, it takes the form of baptism. Also: lavage (the washing out of an organ), lave (to wash). [lavatio, lavationis, f. - a washing] 

lavish - (v.) to give or spend in great amounts or excessively: Some parents and educators lavish praise on children for each accomplishment, regardless of how small, to encourage them to accomplish more. (adj.) 1) giving or spending freely or too freely; 2) given or spent freely or too freely

legate - representative, envoy, ambassador: The Pope is expected to send a legate to Israel to discuss the delicate matter of Christian shrines in Jerusalem. Also: legateship, legatee (person who receives a legateship), legation (a legate and his/her staff), legationary. [legatio, legationis, f. - legation] 

legacy - 1. money or property bequeathed to another; 2. anything handed down from an ancestor: Penniless at death, the old woman nevertheless left her children and grandchildren a priceless legacy of hard work and optimism. [legatum, legati, n. - legacy, bequest] 

intellectualize - to give an intellectual quality to: The students were asked to put emotion aside and to intellectualize the topic. Also: intellection (process of understanding), intellective, intellectualism (devotion to intellectual pursuits; the philosophical position that knowledge is wholly or primarily derived from reason), intellectualist, intellectualistic, intellectuality, intellectualization, intellectualizer. [inter (prep. w/ acc.) - among, between; intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectus - understand] 

intelligentsia - the people who are regarded as educated and enlightened; intellectuals: For centuries the intelligentsia have disagreed among themselves about basic philosophical questions; today the world seems to be no closer to the answers than it was a thousand years ago. 

intelligible - able to be understood; comprehensible: Her campaign speeches, carefully prepared and readily intelligible, won broad support for her candidacy throughout the country. Also: intelligibility (capability of being understood), intelligibleness, unintelligibility, unintelligible. [intelligibilis, intelligibile - able to be understood] 

lectern - a stand for holding notes, sometimes used by lecturers and readers: Some lecturers prefer to use a lectern, which alleviates the problem of what to do with the hands and makes possible the inconspicuous use of notes. 

legible - able to be read easily: An educated person should be able to write legibly. Also: illegibility, illegible (difficult or impossible to read), legibility, legibleness. [legibilis, legibile - legible] 

predilection - a preconceived liking; preference; partiality: His gruff speech seemed to belie a professed predilection for the arts. [prae (adv.; prep. w/ abl.) - before; diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectus - to choose] 

lenity - gentleness (toward others), mildness: Also: leniency, lenient, lenitive (softening, mitigating; soothing), lenitiveness. [lenio, lenire, lenivi, lenitus - to soften, make mild, assuage, mitigate; lenis, lene - soft, smooth, gentle; lenitudo, lenitudinis, f. - softness, gentleness, mildness]

lionize - to treat (someone) as a celebrity: The new state champions were lionized in parades through town, introductions to city officials, award presentations at civic banquets, and a victory assembly at their school. Also: lionization, lionizer. 

alleviate - to make easier to bear; to relieve: Is it ethical for a physician to alleviate the suffering of a terminally ill patient if the patient's life is shortened thereby? Also: alleviation, alleviative (alleviating), alleviatory (alleviative), alleviator. 

levitation - 1) rising or floating in the air; 2) the illusion of rising or being raised in the air with no physical support: Levitation is a favorite trick of stage magicians and of fakirs. Also: levitate, levitational, levitative, levitator. [levitas, levitatis, f. - lightness] 

levity - lightness of disposition, especially an improper lack of seriousness: Levity is offensive because it tends to show disrespect or irreverence. 

legislation - 1) the act of making laws; 2) the laws made: Pending legislation includes a bill to construct bicycle paths between all major cities in the U.S. Also: legislative (of legislation or a legislature). [fero, ferre, tuli, latus - to bring; latio, lationis, f. - a bringing] 

legislature - the branch of government having the power and responsibility to make laws. In the United States, the legislature is called Congress, which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Also: legislator (member of a legislature; lawmaker), legislatorship, legislatorial, legislatrix (feminine member of the legislature). 

libel - any false or malicious written or printed statement that tends to damage a person's reputation or expose him/her to ridicule or contempt: A person who writes the truth may offend against prudence and charity, but he/she cannot be sued for libel. Also: libeler (one who libels), libelous. [libellus, libelli, m. - small book] 

libretto - the words of an opera or oratorio; a small book containing these words: Hugo von Hofmannsthal, who wrote the librettos for many of Richard Wagner's operas, did not always see eye to eye with the famous composer; disagreements are documented in their correspondence. 

libertarian - a person who advocates freedom of thought, expression, and action: As a libertarian, she opposes censorship of every kind. Also: libertarianism. [libertas, libertatis, f. - freedom] 

liberal - 1) generous; 2) not restricted to the literal meaning: Christian fundamentalists will have nothing to do with liberal interpretations of the Bible. 3) tolerant of the views of others. Also: liberalness, liberalism (the quality or state of being liberal; liberal ideas), liberality (generosity), illiberal (intolerant, narrow- minded), illiberality, illiberalness, illiberalism. [liberalis, liberale - pertaining to freedom; generous; liberalitas, liberalitatis, f. - generosity] 

libertine - without moral restraints, leading a sexually immoral life: In "The Music Man," Professor Harold Hill rails against "libertine men and scarlet women." Also: libertinism (libertine practices). [libertinus, libertina, libertinum - of a freedman] 

illicit - not permitted for legal or moral reasons: What one person considers good clean fun another person considers illicit pleasure. Who’s right? Also: illicitness, licit (legal, lawful). [licitus, licita, licitum - permitted, lawful]

ligament - 1) tough tissue connecting bones and holding organs in place; 2) a tie, bond: Communal values are the ligaments of society, binding groups and individuals together. [ligamentum, ligamenti, n. - bandage] 

ligature - 1) anything used to tie or bind; 2) a thread or string used in surgery for tying veins, etc.; 3) the act of tying or binding: The cardiac ligature complete, the chief surgeon allowed the resident to complete the operation. 

liminal - having to do with the point at which one perception or condition passes over into another: In some rites of passage, in the liminal state between childhood and adulthood, for example, the ritual subject is expected to demonstrate a readiness to accept higher responsibilities of adulthood and the ability to carry out these responsibilities. Also: limen (point at which one perception or condition passes over into another), liminality. [limes, limitis, m. - cross path; path; boundary]

delineate - 1) to sketch or trace the outline of; 2) to describe with precision; to portray: In a formal speech delivered to their classmates, the candidates for the presidency of the Senior Class delineated their ideas for a successful senior year. Also: delineable, delineation, delineative (serving to delineate), delineator. 

bilingual - 1) in two languages; 2) knowing two languages: From childhood on, he has spoken German at home and English outside the home; as a result, he is thoroughly bilingual. Also: bilingualism, bilinguality (bilingualism), multilingual (knowing several languages), multilingualism. [bis - twice; bilinguis, bilingue - speaking two languages; two-tongued] 

linguistic - of or pertaining to language or linguistics: Her teachers praise her for her linguistic abilities. 

linguistics - 1) the science of language; 2) the study of the structure and development of a language: Their linguistics teacher emphasized morphology and semantics. Also: linguist (specialist in linguistics). 

sublingual - situated under the tongue: One of the salivary glands is sublingual. Also: lingual (of the tongue), linguiform (shaped like a tongue). [sub (prep. w/ acc. and abl.) - under; forma, formae, f. - shape] 

litigation - the art or process of contesting legally: 2) a lawsuit. Also: litigable, litigant (person engaged in a lawsuit), litigate (to contest legally; to carry on a lawsuit), litigative, litigator, litigious (1 - pertaining to litigation; 2 - excessively inclined to litigate), litigiousness. [litigator, litigatoris, m. - party to a lawsuit; litigiosus, litigiosa, litigiosum - quarrelsome, contentious; litigo, litigare, litigavi, litigatus - to dispute, quarrel]

litigious - 1) inclination, especially excessive, to litigate: Because of a litigious segment of the American population, homeowners are advised to be well insured against lawsuits resulting from personal injury. 2) of lawsuits; 3) argumentative. Also: litigable, litigant (person engaged in a lawsuit), litigate (to contest legally; to carry on a lawsuit), litigation, litigative, litigator, litigiousness. [litigator, litigatoris, m. - party to a lawsuit; litigo, litigare, litigavi, litigatus - to dispute, quarrel]

alliteration - the repetition of the same sound, usually a consonant, in close succession: In his well-known poem "The Raven," Edgar Allan Poe makes extensive use of alliteration. Also: alliterate (to use alliteration), alliterative (of or pertaining to alliteration), alliterativeness. 

illiterate - not knowing how to read or write: In some European countries, less than one percent of the population is illiterate. Also: illiteracy (inability to read or write), literacy (ability to read and write), literate (able to read and write). [litteratus, litterata, litteratum - learned; inlitteratus, inlitterata, inlitteratum - unlearned] 

literal - based on the actual words in their ordinary meaning; not figurative or symbolic: The literal translation of a passage can result in a misrepresentation of the author's intended meaning. Also: literalism (tendency to take words and statements in their literal sense), literalist, literalistic, literality, literalize (to interpret literally), literalization, literalness. 

obliterate - to blot out; to destroy so as to leave no trace of: The tides rolled in and obliterated the castles in the sand. Also: obliterable, obliteration, obliterative, obliterator. [oblittero, oblitterare, oblitteravi, oblitteratus - to blot out] 

transliterate - to change letters or words into the corresponding letters or words of another language: After only a few hours of study, one is able to transliterate Greek letters and characters into English letters; however, it takes most people years to acquire a fluency in translating Greek into English. Also: transliteration, transliterator. 

littoral - pertaining to the shore of a lake, sea, or ocean: When ocean waves approach a coast at an angle, they produce a littoral current, which flows near and parallel to the shore.

locative - (adj.) denoting a case whose function is to indicate place: Latin has a locative case; English does not. (n.) 1. the locative case; 2. a word in the locative case. [locatio, locationis, f. - a placing; a leasing; locatorius, locatoria, locatorium - having to do with leasing; locator, locatoris, m. - a lessor; locus, loci, m. - a place]

collocation - a placing together or side by side; arrangement: Since Latin is a highly inflected language and English is not, the collocation of words in sentences plays a less important role in Latin in conveying meaning than in English. Also: collocate, collocational, collocative. [conlocatio, conlocationis, f. - arrangement, placing; conloco, conlocare, conlocavi, conlocatus - to place, arrange, station] 

elongate - to lengthen, extend: If you elongate a rectangle by the factor x (x>1) and narrow it by the factor 1/x, you keep the area unchanged. Also: elongation, elongative. 

longevity - 1) long life; 2) length of a life or lives: As longevity increases, our government finds it harder and harder to keep the Social Security System viable. [longaevus, longaeva, longaevum - of great age] 

longitude - on the earth's surface, distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian: Louisville's longitude is approximately 86 degrees west. Also: longitudinal. [longitudo, longitudinis, f. - length] 

circumlocution - a roundabout expression or way of expressing something: Good writers avoid circumlocutions. Also: circumlocutional, circumlocutionary, circumlocutory (characterized by circumlocution). [circum (prep. w/ acc.) - around] 

colloquy - a conversation, talking together: Ignoring references to her intelligence and hard work, the esteemed educator attributed her success to the three c's: compassion, colloquy, and common sense. Also: colloquium (a scholarly gathering at which papers are read and specific topics discussed). [colloquium, colloqui, n. - conversation, conference; conloquor, conloqui, conlocutus sum - to converse] 

colloquial - used in or appropriate to everyday, informal conversation: One can argue that a native speaker in his or her colloquial use of the language never makes a mistake. Also: colloquiality, colloquialness, colloquialism (a colloquial expression), colloquialist. [colloquium, cf. colloquy] 

eloquence - the art or practice of speaking or writing gracefully and effectively: When Rev. Mr. Dimmesdale confessed from the pulpit that he was an abominable sinner, the good people of Boston praised his eloquence and refused to believe him. Also: eloquent, eloquentness. [eloquentia, eloquentiae, f. - eloquence; eloquor, eloqui, elocutus sum - to speak out, declare] 

loquacious - talkative, tending to talk too much: Some teachers assign loquacious students to special seats in the front row. Also: loquaciousness, loquacity (loquaciousness). [loquax, loquacis - talkative; loquacitas, loquacitatis, f. - talkativeness] 

obloquy - 1) public reproach: With fame comes loss of privacy, scrutiny by the media and, all too often, obloquy. 2) disgrace resulting from public blame. Also: obloquial. [obloquor, obloqui, oblocutus sum - to speak against; to abuse] 

lucrative - profitable, moneymaking: She moved facilely from one lucrative endeavor to another until that was no longer satisfying; then she became a teacher. Also: lucre (money, often with a negative connotation). [lucrosus, lucrosa, lucrosum - profitable; lucrum, lucri, n. - gain, profit]

ineluctable - incapable of being evaded; unavoidable, inevitable, inescapable: In ancient Greek tragedy, the fate of the hero is ineluctable. Also: ineluctability. [eluctor, eluctari, eluctatus - to struggle out; overcome]

allude (to) - to refer to indirectly or casually: The literature teacher was criticized for alluding often to things of which the students had no knowledge. Also: allusion (an indirect or casual reference), allusive (having to do with or containing an allusion or allusions), allusiveness. [adludo, adludere, adlusi, adlusus - to play, jest, sport] 

collusion - a secret agreement for wrongdoing; participation in fraud: Long suspected of collusion in the transportation of illegal drugs, he was finally brought to justice through evidence obtained by an FBI agent posing as a cleaning lady. Also: collude (to participate in a fraud; to act in collusion), colluder, collusive (involving collusion), collusiveness. [conlusio, conlusionis, f. - secret understanding; conludo, conludere, conlusi, conlusus - to play together; to have a secret understanding] 

delude - to mislead, deceive: Deluded by the false promises of unscrupulous solicitors, the elderly are cheated out of millions of dollars each year. Also: deluder, delusion (an erroneous belief based on deception or mental illness), delusive (like a delusion; tending to delude) [deludo, deludere, delusi, delusus - to mock, deceive] 

disillusion - to free from illusion: No one missed the irony when she said that it grieved her to disillusion her opponent. Also: disillusionize (disillusion), disillusionment (a disillusioning or being disillusioned), disillusive. [inlusio, cf. illusion] 

elusive - tending to avoid capture or to escape discovery: With computers, scientists are able to track down elusive defective genes; by altering these genes, they hope to cure genetic diseases. Also: elude, eluder. [eludo, eludere, elusi, elusus - to finish playing; to avoid] 

illusion - 1) a false idea or belief; 2) a misleading appearance: A mirage is an optical illusion caused by the refraction of light through layers of air having various densities. Also: illusionist (magician), illusory (having to do with illusion; unreal; deceptive), illusive (illusory). [inludo, inludere, inlusi, inlusus - to sport with; to ridicule; inlusio, inlusionis, f. - irony] 

interlude - anything that fills the time between two things or two parts of the same thing, e.g., a short play performed between the acts of a longer play: Refreshments may be purchased in the lobby before and after the play, as well as during the musical interlude following Act III. [inter (prep. w/ acc.) - among; between] 

ludicrous - amusingly absurd; ridiculous. He took his golf seriously. When on occasion he played a bad round, we all knew what was coming: a ludicrous attempt to justify his inflated score. Also: ludicrousness. [ludicrus, ludicra, ludicrum - sportive] 

prelude - preliminary performance: The audience, restless during the poorly planned prelude, settled back to enjoy the play. Also: prelusion (introduction), prelusive (introductory), prelusory (introductory). [praeludo, praeludere, praelusi, praelusus - to play beforehand] 

lugubrious - sad, mournful, gloomy, especially in an exaggerated manner: With little apparent understanding of characterization or of genuine pathos, the author emphasizes plot and exaggerates emotion in his melodramatic, lugubrious novels. Also: lugubriousness, lugubriosity. [lugeo, lugere, luxi, luctus - mourn; lament]

luminary - 1) a celestial light-giving body, such as the sun or the moon; 2) someone who has achieved prominence and esteem in his or her profession: Among the luminaries of cosmological writing are Carl Sagan, the author of the 1980-masterpiece Cosmos, and Stephen Hawking, whose companion works A Brief History of Time (1988) and The Universe in a Nutshell (2001) have been been read by millions. Also: lumen (in optics, a unit of light), luminance (luminosity), luminesce, luminescence, luminiferous (producing light), luminism (a 19th-century style of art which featured realism and the effects of light), luminostity (condition of radiating or reflecting light), luminous. [luminosus, luminosa, luminosum - full of light; bright]

luminous - 1) emitting light; shining: In addition to moon, stars, planets, asteroids, comets, meteors, and meteorites, man-made satellites and spacecraft are now, for the first time in the history of our world, numbered among the luminous objects of the night sky. 2) well-lighted; 3) enlightening. Also: lumen (in optics, a unit of light), luminance (luminosity), luminary, luminesce, luminescence, luminiferous (producing light), luminism (a 19th-century style of art which featured realism and the effects of light), luminostity (condition of radiating or reflecting light). [luminosus, luminosa, luminosum - full of light; bright]

lunar - of or pertaining to the moon: Almost everyone has heard of the "Intrepid," the lunar module that took Apollo 12 astronauts to the moon in 1969. Also: lunacy, lunate (crescent-shaped), lunatic, lunation (period of time from one new moon to the next, about 29 1/2 days). [lunaris, lunare - of the moon] 

lupine - 1) of or pertaining to wolves: Dogs with lupine characteristics, such as German Shepherds, probably do a better job of deterring robbers than do tiny dogs like chihuahuas. 2) savage, ravenous. [lupa, lupae, f. - she-wolf; prostitute; lupinus, lupina, lupinum - of or pertaining to a wolf]

lurid - 1. terrible, shocking, ghastly: Most of the protestors did not object to the story but to the lurid details with which it was portrayed. 2. shining with a red glow; 3. pale. Also: luridness. [luror, luroris, m. - ghastliness] 

elucidate - to make clear; to explain: An article in today's newspaper elucidates President Truman's decision to use the atomic bomb on Hiroshima in 1945. Also: elucidation, elucidative, elucidator. [lucidus, cf. lucid] 

lucent - 1) giving off light; 2 ) clear (translucent): Unless they are written in florescent ink, even the best explanations are not "lucent"; they are "lucid." Also: lucency. [luceo, lucere, luxi - to shine] 

lucid - 1) clear to the mind: The mathematics professor is known for his terse, lucid presentations. The students learn well from his lectures, and there is always plenty of time for questions. 2) clearheaded. Also: lucidity (the quality of being lucid). [lucidus, lucida, lucidum - bright] 

pellucid - 1) clear, easy to understand: It takes more than a single explanation, however pellucid, for most language students to grasp the concept of case. 2) letting light through. Also: pellucidity, pellucidness. [perlucidus, perlucida, perlucidum - bright, shining] 

Moutoux, Latin Derivatives